What Is Chemical Kinetics

Chemical kinetics is the study of chemical processes and rates of reactions. This includes the analysis of conditions that affect speed of a chemical reaction, understanding reaction mechanisms and transition states, and forming mathematical models to predict and describe a chemical reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction usually  has units of sec-1, however, kinetics experiments may span several minutes, hours, or even days. Also Known As Chemical kinetics may also be called reaction kinetics or simply kinetics. Chemical Kinetics History The field of chemical kinetics developed from the law of mass action, formulated in 1864 by Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg. The law of mass action states the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the amount of reactants. Jacobus vant Hoff studied chemical dynamics. His 1884 publication Etudes de dynamique chimique led to the 1901 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which was the first year the Nobel prize was awarded). Some chemical reactions may involve complicated kinetics, but the basic principles of kinetics are learned in high school and college general chemistry classes. Key Takeaways: Chemical Kinetics Chemical kinetics or reaction kinetic is the scientific study of the rates of chemical reactions.This includes the development of mathematical model to describe the rate of reaction and an analysis of the factors that affect reaction mechanisms.Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg are credited with pioneering the field of chemical kinetics by describing the law of mass action. The law of mass action states the speed of a reaction is proportional to the amount of reactants.Factors that affect the rate of a reaction include concentration of reactants and other species, surface area, the nature of the reactants, temperature, catalysts, pressure, whether there is light, and the physical state of the reactants. Rate Laws and Rate Constants Experimental data is used to find reaction rates, from which rate laws and chemical kinetics rate constants are derived by applying the law of mass action. Rate laws allow for simple calculations for zero order reactions, first order reactions, and second order reactions. The rate of a zero-order reaction is constant and independent of the concentration of reactants.rate kThe rate of a first-order reaction is proportional to the concentration of one reactants:rate k[A]The rate of a second order reaction has a rate proportional to the square of the concentration of a single reactant or else the product of the concentration of two reactants.rate k[A]2 or k[A][B] Rate laws for individual steps must be combined to derive laws for more complex chemical reactions. For these reactions: There is a rate-determining step that limits the kinetics.The Arrhenius equation and Eyring equations may be used to experimentally determine activation energy.Steady-state approximations may be applied to simplify the rate law. Factors That Affect Chemical Reaction Rate Chemical kinetics predicts the rate of a chemical reaction will be increased by factors that increase the kinetic energy of the reactants (up to a point), leading to increased likelihood the reactants will interact with each other. Similarly, factors that decrease the chance of reactants colliding with each other may be expected to lower the reaction rate. The main factors that affect reaction rate are: concentration of reactants (increasing concentration increases reaction rate)temperature (increasing temperature increases reaction rate, up to a point)presence of catalysts (catalysts offer a reaction a mechanism that requires a lower activation energy, so the presence of a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction)physical state of reactants (reactants in the same phase may come into contact via thermal action, but surface area and agitation affect reactions between reactants in different phases)pressure (for reactions involving gases, raising pressure increases the collisions between reactants, increasing reaction rate) Note that while chemical kinetics can predict the rate of a chemical reaction, it does not determine the extent to which the reaction occurs. Thermodynamics is used to predict equilibrium. Sources Espenson, J.H. (2002). Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-288362-6.  Guldberg, C. M.; Waage,P. (1864). Studies Concerning Affinity  Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i ChristianiaGorban, A. N.; Yablonsky. G. S. (2015). Three Waves of Chemical Dynamics. Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 10(5).Laidler, K. J. (1987). Chemical Kinetics (3rd ed.). Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-043862-2.Steinfeld J. I., Francisco J. S.; Hase W. L. (1999). Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-737123-3.

Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist Writer - 2009 Words

Henry David Thoreau was a nineteenth century American author who lived during the height of Transcendentalism. He became an important contributor to this movement (â€Å"H. D. T.† Poetry Foundation). Thoreau received much information about this movement from Emerson, a noteworthy friend of Thoreau. Thoreau wrote many significant works in American literature, including Walden and â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† The works of Henry David Thoreau were strongly influenced by the Transcendentalist movement and centered around his stay at Walden Pond. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, on July 12, 1817, to John and Cynthia Thoreau. He was the third of four children (Bloom 7). From early on, Thoreau felt a strong connection to the natural†¦show more content†¦He later became the secretary and curator, being endowed with the responsibility of organizing the agenda and location of meetings (Bloom 17). The Transcendentalist movement was centered in Concord. The philosophy of Transcendentalism stated that knowledge originated from the voice of God within humans. This knowledge was essentially their â€Å"inner light† or â€Å"over-soul† (Goodman). In other words, one’s conscience is an innate trait. It was society that corrupted people’s moral sense. Despite the fact that many Transcendentalists wanted to change society, they believed that these changes had to begin with individuals (â€Å"H. D. T.† Encyclopedia Britannica). These changes that were advocated by Transcendentalists pertained to pressing social issues at the time, such as the mistreatment of Native Americans, the Mexican War, and the expansion of slavery (Goodman). Transcendentalism was the antithesis of Unitarianism, another philosophical movement that was developing at the time. Many of the major theories of Unitarianism were developed by John Locke, who believed that the best way for people to grow in knowledge and understanding was through the use of one’s senses and the scientific method (Goodman). Transcendentalists believed that there were two ways to attain knowledge: through the senses or through intuition. The latter, they believed, was significantly more useful than the former. In brief, Transcendentalists preferred individuals overShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglas And Henry David Thoreau950 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglas and Henry David Thoreau The life and works of Henry David Thoreau and Frederick Douglass’ has had a lasting impact in the literary field since there work is studied now in most colleges. Although, the writers travelled in the same circle and were both friends of Ralph Waldo Emerson the pair were not friends. In looking at the life and works of the two dynamic literary giants analyzing their common goals, work, and their place in Transcendentalist history will bring more understandingRead MoreThe True Transcendentalist: Thoreau and Emerson775 Words   |  3 Pageswill be focused on is transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is intuition and individual conscience that helps lead to the truth. When transcendentalism began to start two people played a major role Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, but who is truly a transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803. His father was a minister as well as seven of his male family members. He graduated from Harvard University at the age of eighteen. Then he taughtRead MoreTranscendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau grew up in poverty; his dad was unsuccessful and had trouble maintaining a steady job. 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First, the searchRead MoreTranscendentalism And Its Impact On Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagestheir identified ideology. The transcendentalists basically had this triangle where the basics of their beliefs were outlined, starting off with God at the top, the man in the left corner, and finally nature in the right corner, these could very well be the cornerstones of the transcendental belief system that they have in place. There were many areas that fell within in this triangle, but those are to be discussed later into this evaluation, but the transcendentalist was part of a movement duringRead MoreThe Similarities Of Transcendentalism And American Romanticism1386 Words   |  6 Pageswriting in the Transcendentalist movement believed that to reach their meaning one must be connected and comprehend nature, the world that they live in. Many thought that â€Å"knowledge comes through intuition and imagination† (UShistory.org, 2017, para. 2) rather than it coming from logic and physical things. For the Transcendentalists everything that had to do with a person was connected to spiritual being and one’s internal being. Over the external and physical world. Henry David Thoreau, one of theRead More Henry Thoreau’s Influence on Martin Luther King Jr. Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Thoreau’s Influence on Martin Luther King Jr. Henry David Thoreau was a great American writer, philosopher, and naturalist of the 1800’s who’s writings have influenced many famous leaders in the 20th century, as well as in his own lifetime. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts in 1817, where he was later educated at Harvard University. Thoreau was a transcendentalist writer, which means that he believed that intuition and the individual conscience â€Å"transcend† experienceRead MoreEssay on Transcendentalism1619 Words   |  7 Pagesand some would think that the idea was not understood at all and that was part of the idea. Henry David Thoreau once stated about himself, â€Å"I should have told them at once that I was a transcendentalist. That would have been the shortest way of telling them that they would not understand my explanations† (Reuben 1). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even the people that called themselves â€Å"transcendentalists† had only their own thoughts of what transcendentalism was, which in turn were based on the thoughtsRead MoreEarly American Transcendentalism1204 Words   |  5 Pagestowards American society because it is not only a philosophy, but also a religion and physical progression. During the early nineteenth century, Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and other radical individuals challenged the present day theories of values, ethics, and what it means to live life to the fullest (Timko). If early American transcendentalists were living among civilians today, would present day civilians think the earlier activists were radical and psychotic? During this time, Ralph Waldo EmersonRead MoreThe Dream of the American Renaissance1016 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica prior, and expands upon the growing interest of the common man. The Period had writers of the Transcendentalist belief, who aspired to become lar ger than life itself; to ascend onto the level of a deity, and to break free from a dangerous world full of adversary. Their Dream of Ascendance, their goal of becoming independent, is the one thought that was fully realized throughout this period. The Transcendentalists at the time embraced being different, allowing themselves to become distant from the

Global Financial Cisis Credit Crunches and Deleveraging

Question: Discuss about the Global Financial Cisis Credit Crunches and Deleveraging. Answer: Introduction: The financial crisis that occurred in 2008 affected all economies in the world leading to increased hyperinflation on a large scale. This lead to the loss of homes, millions of jobs and a loss of up to twenty trillion dollars in the global economy making it the next largest financial crisis since the great depression(Rudd, 2009). There were unexpected consequences in that period. Large financial institutions that were thought to be safe from any such crisis were vulnerable to the pointy that they collapsed and others being bailed out by the $1.4 trillion rescue package signed by George Bush but it still wasnt enough to shield them from the crisis (Ferguson Heffes,2010). The documentary the inside job was an eye opener on future financial proceedings to my career, I felt pity for the victims since they lost their jobs and homes by being vulnerable to the greed of scrupulous executives (Rudd, 2009). The most annoying and surprising thing is that many CEOs and key decision makers who were responsible for the crisis ended up profiting or escaping any prosecution leaving the victims helpless, that was not fair at all. A good example is Joseph Cassano; head of the AIG financial product division did not face the consequences of losing $11 billion but rather kept as a consultant with lucrative salaries and allowances (Shah, 2009). The question of who is to blame for the financial crisis is simple but way deeper in the early 80s; I blame the government as the primary cause of this crisis. The deregulation of economic co-operations like banks and insurance companies gave them a power play in the financial market where they could look after their interest in the most lucrative way without considering any consequences (Keen,2009). The Reagan administration made it worse since banks were given a go ahead in making risky investment with public saving deposits which made a loss of tax payers money with over $100 billion. These financial institutions merged in larger firms where they influenced the markets. They considered them key players, and they already had politicians in their pockets manipulating the government to turn a blind eye. The issuing of the sublime mortgages was a farfetched risky investment that the government overlooked. Anyone was qualified for a mortgage in the eyes of the lender and bankers, disregarding the strict qualifications not enforced by the government which considered these institutions in good administrators of the financial markets but that was not the case (Rudd, 2009). As the saying goes history likes to repeat itself, regardless of the 2008 financial crisis, the government still hasnt learned its lesson. The economy in America is weaker than the recession; theres increased the unemployment rate, an increase in inflation. Many industries have relocated to foreign countries where the market environment is conducive than the country which has hostile reforms. The gap be tween the rich and the poor has increased since the Obama administration did not change the economic reforms as initially promised; this means that the country is using the fundamental reforms that were in place when the financial crisis occurred. The debt crisis in America is far more disturbing in that it could lead to a hyperinflation causing another severe crisis shortly (Ferguson Heffes, 2010). This global crisis has not received Justice, its worse when the culprits are still walking around and consulting in the countrys economic matters. When I look back at the previous crisis, the people received justice. In 1929 the head of the new York exchange landed in prison, the 1980s savings and loans scandal over a thousand people went to jail for it but in the 2008 crisis only one individual who went to prison for his part in the crisis, how about the others? That remains alarming. Policy makers have a simple but crucial task of learning from past mistakes (Keen,2009).The economic reforms that were to be made by the Obama administration should be transparent and straightforward enough for the public to understand and avoid any such incidences experienced. Creation of financial products should be scrutiny to avoid investments that would lead to a bubble causing another crisis (Shah, 2009). The 2008 financial crisis caused by just the deregulation which leads to financial institutions having freedom of playing their games for their personal gains. The government turned a blind eye trusting them with the financial markets only to realize when it was too late. I recommend that powerful reform and policies to be introduced to the financial industry which will prevent another crisis (Rudd, 2009). Reference Ferguson, C.Heffes,A,$Marrs,D.(2010).Inside job.Culver City, Calif: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Rudd, K.(2009).The global financial crisis; Monthly, The feb2009 (2009):20 Keen, S(2009).The global financial crisis credit crunches and deleveraging. Journal of Australian Political EconomyP.22 Shah, A.(2009)Global financial crisis.Global Issues 25.

Drub Abuse Essays - Drug Culture, Drug Control Law, Euphoriants

Drub Abuse In the United States of America, we, the people value several things, some of which are freedom, expanding and taking care of our families and our financial security. We, the people, take such things for granted. We also discourage some behavior, such as crime, laziness and use of illegal drugs. Drug abuse is one of the most discouraged behaviors in our country. Use of illegal drugs is harmful to the userand all those with whom the user comes in contact. There are over 40 million illegal drug users in the world today and America is the biggest market for drugs1 . There are more drug dealers in this country, than there are dentists. Illegal drug abuse must be stopped; it hurts our society, hurts us, and, most of all, hurts the user. Drug users are parasites, feeding off society's money, taxes and insurance. Every type of insurance goes up because of drug abuse, including auto, health and homeowners. Worst of all, the crime rate will sky rocket if we let this behavior continue. Illegal drugs and their abusers are a plague to society for many different reasons.. Drugs have very harmful effects on the user and the people with whom the user interacts. The user is affected in many ways. The most popular drug in America, alcohol, is generally thought of as socially acceptable and relatively harmless. But it can have devastating effects. Alcohol might seem very harmless but it can harm the user very easily. Alcohol is easy to obtain and consume. It is taken as a beverage and, since it is legal, it can be purchased at the corner store. The immediate effects on the user are relaxation and a slight anesthetic effect. Alcohol is a very addictive drug. There are more than 18 million alcoholics in America2 , an indication of how widespread its harmful effects are. Alcoholics normally drink a lot on mornings and weeknights, at times which separate them for noraml social drinkers. Often, the alcohol will bring out a violent temper and often, alcoholics abuse, physically and mentally, their friends and family. Drinking makes the drinker feel he is more confident. The drinker thinks he is in control, even if a little high, and he might get behind the wheel of his car and go for a drive. Drunk driving is deadly. Hundreds of thousands of people get killed every year due to drunk driving. Other physical effects of drinking are vomiting, passing out and sometimes, if enough alcohol is consumed over a long enough period of time, or if mixed with other drugs, death. Marijuana is a popular, and illegal, drug. Its largest consumers are young adults. Marijuana is smoked in a pipe or rolled in a cigarette. Thirty-seven percent of people between ages 12-17 have tried marijuana.3 Marijuana gives a slight buzzing feeling of light-headedness. Experimentation with marijuana is dangerous because studies show that 60% of people who smoke marijuana on a regular basis move on to try harder drugs soon after.4 Marijuana tends to diminish the ambition and motivation in the user. In the long run, it may cause lung cancer and other respiratory problems. Cocaine is another popular, illegal, street drug. Cocaine is snorted or smoked as crack(a cheaper and, as a result of being so affordable, more addictive way). Cocaine gives the user a sense of well-being and extra energy. Cocaine is one of the most dangerous drugs. In 1995, over 500,000 emergency room accidents were cocaine- related.5 Cocaine is one of the worst drugs because it causes respiratory illness and kills mucus membranes. Heroin is the most addictive dangerous illegal drug on the streets. You'll become a so- called junkie if you use it. It affects the hygiene and personal appearance of the user a great deal, because nothing is as important to the user anymore as where that next hit will come from. Heroin is injected and sometimes snorted. It causes great euphoria, but also nausea and vomiting. Like any street drug, its user does not know what potency he is getting from batch to batch. Therefore, there is always the risk that he will overdose and die. Withdrawal from heroin can cause severe illness and death. Drug abuse leads to

Why the Population Growth Is Such A Serious Problem and The Effect It Is Having on the Earths Environment essays

Why the Population Growth Is Such A Serious Problem and The Effect It Is Having on the Earth's Environment essays The world's population has grown more in the last 50 years than it had done in the previous 4 million years[1]. This quantum leap in the human population has put severe strains on the finite resources and the fragile environment of our planet. What is more, the present rate of the galloping population growth shows no signs of slowing down, especially in the developing countries. Such a high rate of growth is clearly unsustainable and needs to be controlled before the runaway human population proves to be the ultimate undoing of the human race itself. In this essay I shall discuss why the population growth is such a serious problem and the effect it is having on the earth's environment. Debate about the effects of population growth has raged ever since, Thomas Malthus, a British intellectual wrote his famous Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798. Malthus contended that the tendency for the population was to grow exponentially while food supplies could only grow arithmetically. His theory meant that the human population was destined to outstrip the global food supplies that would eventually lead to widespread starvation and disease. This has clearly not happened[2] so far, mainly because Malthus had not foreseen the extent to which technology, farming techniques and the Green Revolution' would increase food production. (Hardaway 1188) Despite adequate availability of food in the world as a whole, the WHO reports that as many as 19,000 people (mostly infants and children) die each day from hunger and malnutrition. (Quoted by Brown et al, 6) The difference in the situation predicted by Malthus and the present scenario is that large numbers of people starve, not due to shortage of food, but due to poverty. It is arguable, of course, whether poverty too is the result of over-population. The Malthusians[3] fervently believe it is so, while the anti-Malthusians are equally...

Factsheet drybulk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Factsheet drybulk - Essay Example There will be huge demand and supply for the dry bulk as long as the buyer ships the products and commodities from one place to the other. However, due to increase in the price of the commodities, the present market position stands at a lower level. The main reasons are lower market expectations, lower demand for the cargo supply, critical conditions of market life cycle and declining fleet growth. The company needs to control its existing strengths in shipping and attempt to expand its markets to the major areas such as South Asia and North America, to gain a wider area of operation. Dry bulk market may have higher rates in the future. Temporary rise in rates also seems possible during the year. While world trade is likely to increase at a reasonable rate in 2012 as well as 2013, the amount of new capacity will consume high rates towards operating expenses. â€Å"Emerging markets such as India and China are likely to be key to the success of Farstad. As they are the growth markets for any new company, so further addition to the company’s top line would be dependent on its efforts to exploit the trade routes emanating from these countries† (Abhishek, n.d.). â€Å"Capesize, Panamax, Handymax and Handy size† (Segments, 2012). Capesize is used to transport iron ore and coal. Panamax can carry grain, coal and bauxite. Small shipments such as sugar and other commodities are carried by Handymax and Handy size. Capesize is the largest vessel and Handy size is the smallest vessel out of the four vessels in the dry bulk segment. The Outlook for the Dry Bulk †¦ Italian Style, (2012). 8th Mare Forum Italy 2012, Sorrento. Braemar Seascope Research. Retrieved from

Learning Theory Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Theory Paper - Assignment Example He focused on how some adults were self-directed in their learning and others were not. He found that 70% of adult learners were self-directed and they did not rely on academic learning as the way that they learned (Tough, 2002). Tough was interesting in examining why there were differences and he wanted to add information about why adult learners felt compelled to improve themselves with or without formal learning (Tough, 2002). The information that Tough presented provided more information on how to assist the adult learner beyond what had been provided in the past. Tough realized that adults were learning in many different ways and they were often discovering learning in nontraditional ways. Adults were learning all the time and it was a part of their everyday life. He found that most adults did not value this outside learning, because they associated learning with formal education (Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner, 2007). In a survey that was done by Patrick Penland, a library school professor, it was found that adult learners were primarily interested in professional development, information that would enhance their family, and those things that would help them move forward in their jobs (Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner, 2007; Tough, 2002). Tough categorized learning into several episodes and asked adult learners to report on projects that were about seven hours (Tough, 1971). He found that adults usually talked about their day in episodes, or spans of time that described a certain event. He also saw that adults were spending about15 hours a week learning, but that this time may be spent on learning many different things at once (Tough, 2002). Tough found that some adult learners (about 10%) were not interested in learning and that they were content with not learning. When the 10% of adults were questioned, Tough found that they had done many things in their lifetime to learn different things, and in their current